Supported mandatory GQL features

4.11

Graph pattern matching

Patterns

4.13

GQL object types

Structural types, Types and their synonyms.

Includes: NODE (ANY NODE, VERTEX, ANY VERTEX) and RELATIONSHIP (ANY RELATIONSHIP, EDGE, ANY EDGE).

4.16

Predefined value types

Property types, Types and their synonyms.

Includes: BOOLEAN (BOOL), FLOAT, INTEGER (SIGNED INTEGER, INT), and STRING (VARCHAR).

Cypher supports the boolean type predicate for TRUE, FALSE, and NULL but does not support the GQL keyword UNKNOWN.

13.2

<insert statement>

INSERT

13.3

<set statement>

SET

GQL’s SET has no order dependencies because all right-hand side operations are completed before any assignments occur. In Cypher’s SET, the order of rows can affect the outcome because changes made during execution may depend on the sequence of assignments. The only way to guarantee row order in Neo4j is to use ORDER BY.

13.4

<remove statement>

REMOVE

13.5

<delete statement>

DELETE

14.4

<match statement>

MATCH, OPTIONAL MATCH

14.9

<order by and page statement>

SKIP

Cypher only supports SKIP, which is a GQL-supported synonym to OFFSET.

14.10

<primitive result statement>

FINISH

14.11

<return statement>

RETURN

15.1

<call procedure statement> and <procedure call>

CALL procedures, CALL subqueries.

GQL defines an OPTIONAL CALL statement, enabling optional procedure and subquery calling. This is not available in Cypher.

15.2

<inline procedure call>

CALL subqueries.

GQL either imports variables implicitly, or explicitly using a variable scope clause. In Cypher, CALL subqueries require an explicit importing WITH clause.

15.3

<named procedure call>

CALL procedure

16.2

<limit clause>

LIMIT

16.4

<graph pattern>

Graph patterns

16.5

<insert graph pattern>

CREATE

16.6

<order by clause>

ORDER-BY

16.7

<path pattern expression>

Path patterns

16.8

<label expression>

Label expressions

16.9

<path variable reference>

Patterns → Syntax and semantics

16.11

<graph pattern quantifier>

Quantifiers

16.17

<sort specification list>

Order results in ascending or descending order

16.19

<offset clause>

SKIP

Cypher only supports SKIP , which is a GQL-supported synonym to OFFSET.

19.3

<comparison predicate>

Comparison operators

19.4

<exists predicate>

exists()

19.5

<null predicate>

Type predicate expressions for NULL

19.6

<value type predicate>

Type predicate expressions

19.7

<normalized predicate>

IS NORMALIZED, IS NOT NORMALIZED

20.2

<value expression primary>

Cypher expressions

20.3

<value specification>

GQL defines the SESSION_USER value expression, which enables accessing a user’s username within a query. In Cypher, current user details can be seen using the SHOW CURRENT USER command.

20.7

<case expression>

CASE, nullIf(), coalesce()

20.9

<aggregate function>

avg(), count(), max, min(), sum()

Cypher and GQL handle NULL values differently for the sum() function when queries return 0 rows. For example, RETURN sum(<expr>) on an empty table returns NULL in GQL, but in Cypher it returns 0.

20.11

<property reference>

Core concepts

20.21

<numeric value expression>

Mathematical operators

20.22

<numeric value function>

char_length(), character_length()

20.23

<string value expression>

STRING concatenation operator (||)

20.24

<character string function>

left(), lower(), normalize(), right(), trim(), upper()

In GQL, TRIM() removes only space characters. In Cypher, trim() removes any whitespace character.

21.1

Names and variables

Syntax

Cypher supports GQL’s lexical elements, with the following caveats:

22.15

Grouping operations

Counting with and without duplicates